- Much was made of vaccine hesitancy before South Africa’s COVID vaccine roll-out began. In reality, health workers were eager to get the jab. In some cases, health workers were so desperate to be immunised that they withheld important information about their past experience of allergic reactions.
- WhatsApp groups helped Sisonke researchers communicate changes to the study swiftly – something the authors argue could benefit the national roll-out as well.
- Usually, the gap between designing a study and scaling it up to reach people on the ground takes years. Sisonke did it in a matter of 17 days – and rewrote history.
COMMENT
South Africa’s 14-week long Sisonke study forced research teams — 30 of them — to move from conceptualization to implementation within 17 days.
The programme, which was a collaboration between the health department, the South African Medical Research Council, the Desmond Tutu Health Foundation, the Centre for the Aids Programme of Research in South Africa, Janssen and Johnson & Johnson (J&J), used J&J’s one-shot vaccine to immunise 479 768 healthcare workers between mid-February and mid-May.
Health workers are at a greatly increased risk of contracting SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, compared to the general population. Most countries, therefore, target them first for vaccination, so that they could in turn care for hospital patients and vaccinate people.
Within two and a half weeks Sisonke researchers had to learn the results of the Ensemble trial (the study that tested the efficacy of the J&J vaccine), develop a study protocol, obtain regulatory and ethics approval, get jabs into the country and ensure their delivery to vaccination sites so that we could administer the first shot on 17 February.
The gap between conceptualization and implementation is usually considerably longer, with years lagging between establishing the benefits of an intervention and scaling it up to the people who need it. To have achieved that in this short period was to rewrite history. For many of us who were veterans of the HIV pandemic and had lived that long struggle, it was a moment of hope and redemption – an example of what was possible when political will, science, hard work and a strong desire to act come together.
Once we had started with immunisations, we moved from a handful of vaccinations at 18 urban sites to providing over 200 000 doses from more than 50 sites across the country. By the time we completed the Sisonke study, we had worked out of 122 sites in nine provinces, including providing 24 400 vaccines in remote parts of the Eastern Cape and 3 800 in the Northern Cape.
We learned valuable lessons — from the step-by-step detail required to draw up every precious drop of vaccine from a vial to ensure that every dose delivered was the right volume to how to reduce waiting times at sites — which could be useful to phase one B (health workers not covered by Sisonke) and phase two (starting off with people of 60 and older) of the country’s vaccine roll-out.
1. Don’t be rigid, teamwork makes the dream work
Nothing was off limits for our researchers, who engaged with health department teams, literally carried fridges, oversaw meticulous preparation of doses, consent processes and managed side-effects and reporting.
Such flexibility will certainly be key to realising the country’s goal to vaccinate 40-million people this year.
Sisonke’s mandate was to reach as many of the healthcare workforce as we could in the time allotted and with the research allocated vaccines imported for this purpose – in total 500 000 doses of J&J’s single dose vaccine.
We showed that by working closely with health department colleagues at national, provincial, district and facility level this was possible and that we could reach all cadres of healthcare workers including, nurses, doctors, allied health professionals, community health workers, traditional health practitioners and all health sector support staff.
2. Did we make a mountain out of a molehill? Vaccine hesitancy largely disappears when vaccination starts
We established quickly that vaccine hesitancy, much profiled in the media, was not the mountain it seemed. If anything, the reverse was true.
Instead, health workers, with their first-hand experience of the suffering this virus can cause, were eager, and in some cases desperate to get vaccinated, choosing not to disclose past histories of severe allergic reactions to vaccines.
The message that there is no clinical reason to miss out on vaccination will be vital for the national roll-out. In our study, using senior health workers who had been vaccinated to provide the few who were hesitant with reassurance, worked very well – everyone who has been vaccinated is a potential vaccine ambassador for a roll-out.
Some precautions may need to be taken in certain groups, such as those with a history of severe allergic reactions, but these can be managed. Severe allergic reactions are profoundly rare and can be managed; severe COVID-19 is not.
3. Stick to appointments to prevent sites from becoming transmission hot spots
Vaccine enthusiasm does require careful scheduling and queue marshalling to ensure social distancing and mask wearing. This is crucial, as vaccine centres with large crowds can easily become superspreader events as we move into a third wave.
An efficient booking system is an important tool to help create order at sites and prevent vaccinees from infecting each other with SARS-CoV-2. Bookings also shorten the waiting times at sites.
The EVDS worked for us as a booking system, but there have been glitches with the larger roll-out this week – it is important that those snags are addressed.
4. Be honest about side-effects
Timely, transparent and honest reporting of serious side-effects is crucial, so that these can be reviewed by independent scientists to establish whether there is any link with the vaccines.
Usual vaccine side-effects proved very common and education and communication about what to expect and how to manage them was vital. All too often these risks are communicated separately generating fear and confusion.
Communicating risks became more complex when the rare blood clotting condition was first reported – headaches in the first three days could be managed with reassurance, but needed to be taken more seriously if severe with an onset between 4 and 20 days after vaccination or associated with blurred vision, weakness or difficulty speaking.
It’s, however, important to communicate the risk of these events alongside the risks of COVID-19 so that people can make informed choices about choosing to take up the offer of vaccination. Equipping vaccinees with the factually correct advice can go a long way to managing expectations and ensuring the few people who do experience serious side-effects are quickly detected and managed with care.
5. Safety data will be crucial as SA chooses future vaccines
In Sisonke we established an effective safety monitoring system based on both active (when vaccinators follow up directly with vaccinees) and passive safety (when vaccinees are asked to report side-effects to vaccinators) reporting. Our call centre operated 24/7 and was able to attend to thousands of administrative, provider queries and follow-up people with side-effects until such time that all symptoms had resolved.
This is now being repurposed to support the national vaccination programme and to monitor any breakthrough infections (when vaccinated people get infected with SARS-CoV-2) in health workers who received a Sisonke J&J vaccine.
Our breakthrough infection network brings together teams from the National Institute for Communicable Diseases, the National Health Laboratory Service, research sites, as well as academic and private laboratories, to ensure that we get a full picture of outcomes, including clinical course and viral genetic information.
Use of national identity numbers enabled us to link to hospital surveillance systems and the death register to enhance the rigour of our evaluation. Establishing the effectiveness of the J&J jab as the third wave progresses, will inform the selection of appropriate vaccines for South Africa and help to answer outstanding questions about durability of protection and when, if necessary, booster doses may be needed.
6. Tech savvy people are key to help the elderly register for a jab on the EVDS
Critically, Sisonke enabled the national health department to test the implementation of the EVDS. Many invaluable lessons were learnt, including how to gate-keep and open certain sectors and groups in terms of managing numbers and expectations. But more challenges have emerged with the system that are now being addressed.
We learned that registration assistance should be offered to ensure that the digital divide doesn’t exclude people. Health workers who helped their colleagues to register provides an important precedent for the next few months; we must reach out to others, especially our older people who may have less access or skills in the online space. An electronic system for documenting vaccination is essential to the equality and effectiveness of this national campaign.
7. Clear ‘how to’ guides help vaccinators on the ground
Often, the devil was in the detail.
COVID vaccines are provided as small volume injections, in the case of Sisonke as two doses of J&J vaccine per vial. Ensuring that volume is correctly drawn up, requires intensive engagement with minutiae. We developed detailed resources on how to draw up each of the two doses, trained, re-trained, provided quality assurance and a three-step volume verification process to ensure that every dose counted.
Allocating this process to dedicated teams of research staff, a requirement of the research identity of Sisonke and of the South African Health Products Regulatory Authority, ultimately proved useful for optimising efficiency at sites and should be considered as we ramp up mass vaccination.
In addition, there is cold chain management that needs careful monitoring and accountability.
South African nurses have been drawing up and dispensing vaccines for decades, but never have we had a vaccine campaign of this scale and complexity before. The J&J and Pfizer vaccines have varying storage requirements; Pfizer must be reconstituted by injecting saline into the vial, neither can be shaken, and needles cannot be changed between drawing up a dose and injecting it or micro-drops sitting in the needle and its nib will be wasted.
8. Work those WhatsApp groups when things have to change quickly
Getting factual and useful information is key — not only to enhance efficiencies at the vaccine centres, but also to allay concerns. We used a wide range of tools and channels, from job aids, checklists, press statements, posters and media interviews to keep vaccination staff, health workers and the public up to speed.
Many of these were distributed through WhatsApp groups — establishing the right groups and providing a steady stream of trustworthy content was at the heart of our communication approach.
Communication within the team was critical too, for the agility needed in the programme. The use of internal WhatsApp group messaging and almost daily calls enabled us to rapidly implement changes on the ground, redistribute vaccine doses to increase access and support each other through long days and weeks.
Linda-Gail Bekker is one of the lead co-investigators of the South Africa’s Phase three B Sisonke study. Bekker is the director of the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre and the chief operating officer of the Desmond Tutu Health Foundation at the University of Cape Town.
Glenda Gray is one of the lead co-investigators of South Africa’s Phase three B Sisonke study. Gray is the president of the South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC).
Ameena Goga is the director of the SAMRC’s HIV Prevention Research Unit. Before her appointment as a Unit Director, she was a Chief Specialist Scientist and Deputy Director of the SAMRC’s Health Systems Research Unit and Interim Unit Director and Principal Investigator of the HPRU Clinical Trials Unit.
Nigel Garrett is the head of vaccine and HIV pathogenesis research at the Centre for the Aids Programme of Research in South Africa.
Lara Fairall is the director of the Knowledge Translation Unit at the University of Cape Town.
Ian Sanne is a co-founder and Division Head of HE²RO. He is has a faculty appointment at the University of Witwatersrand as well as being a founder and managing director of Right to Care and the Clinical HIV Research Unit.
Fatima Mayat is the director of research operations at the Perinatal HIV Research Unit at CHris Hani Baragwanath Hospital.
Jacquee Odhiambo is a project manager at the Hutchinson Centre Research Institute of South Africa.
Simba Tavuka is a project manager at the Hutchinson Centre Research Institute of South Africa.
